概述民法基本原则
韩召峰
一、民法基本原则的概念和功能
原则，即观察问题、处理问题的准绳。民法的基本原则，即观察、处理民法的问题的准绳。它是民事立法、民事司法与民事活动的基本准则，是民法的本质和牲的集中体现，反映了市民社会和市场经济的根本要，表达了民法的基本价值取向，是高度抽象的、最一般的民事行为规范和价值判断准则。
民法的基本原则是民事立法的准则。民法的基本原则，蕴含着民法调控社会生活实现目标，所欲达致的理想，集中体现了民法区别于其他法律，尤其是行政法和经济法的特征。它贯穿于整个民事立法，确定了民事立法的过程中，立法者应遵循体系强制的要求，将各法的基本原则落实到相应的民法制度和规范中。在进行立支解释过程中，民法的基本原则也是立法者解释的准则。惟有如此，才能实现民法体系化的要求，保持各项民法制度和规范在价值取向上的和谐，为类似问题类似处理的法治原则的实现开辟可能。
民法的基本原则是民事主体进行民事活动的基本准则。民事腐朽 所进行的各项民事活动，不仅要遵循具体的法规范，还要遵循民法的基本原则。在现行法上对于民事认本的民事活动欠缺相应的具体民法规范进行调整时，民事主体应依民法基本原则的要求进行民事活动。民法的基本原则对应着民法上的强行性规范，民事主体不得约定在民事活动中排除民法基本原则的适用。
民法的基本原则是裁判者对民事法律、法规进行解释的基本依据。 民法的基本原则不直接涉及民事主体具体的权利和义务，具有高度的抽象性。“它不预告设定任何确定的、具体的事实状态，没有规定具体的权利和义务，更没有规定确定的法律后果。”在未经足够的具体化以前不能作为裁判者的裁判规范。但裁判者在截断民事案件时，须对所应适用的法律条文进行解释，以阐明法律规范的含义，确定特定法律规范的构成要件和法律效果，并辨别法律规范的类型。裁判者在对法律条文进行解释时，如是有两种相反的含义，应采用其中符合民法的基本原则的含义。无论采用何种解释方法，其解释无度不能违反民法基本原则。另外，如果裁判者在裁断案件时，在现行法上未能获得据以作出裁判的依据， 这就表明在现行法上存在法律漏洞。此晚，裁判者玩意儿居民法的基本原则来进行法律漏洞的补充，创制裁断纠纷的法律规范。
民法的基本原则是民法学者讨论价值判断问题时，当权衡的主要因素。民法的诸项基本原则包含着民法的冲突的价值取向，如何经由学术的讨论，发现冲突所在，认识冲突的本质，提出协调冲突的可行办法并阐明其理由，是民法学者进行民法学研究的一项核心任务。
二、我国民事立法上确认的基本原则及其关系
在我国现行所事立法上，承认了平等原则、私法自治原则、公平原则、诚实信用原则以及公序良俗原则。其中平等而民法的基础原则，离开了民事主体之间平等的假设，民法就丧失了存在的根基，也就无从谈起民法的的其他基本原则；私法自治原则是民法最重要的使命，就是确认并保证民事主体自由的实现；公平原则，意在谋求个人利益与社会公共利益的和谐；公序良俗原则，包括公共秩序和善良风俗两期内空，对个人利益与国家利益以及个人利益与社会利益之间的矛盾和冲突发挥双重调整功能。诚实信用原则和善良风俗原则都是以首先要求为核心的。但善良风俗原则与诚实信用原则不同。善良风俗原则并不强制民事主体在民事活动中积极地实现特定的道德要求，它只是消极地设定了民事主体进行民事活动中积极地实现特定的道德要求，它设定了民事主体进行民事活动必须满足道德标准。诚实信用原则和公序良俗原则是对私法自治原则的必要限制，力图谋求不同民事主体之间自由的和谐共存。
北安市人民法院 韩召峰
关于对华侨港澳台胞捐赠外汇参加外汇调剂的暂行规定(附英文)
国家外管局
关于对华侨港澳台胞捐赠外汇参加外汇调剂的暂行规定(附英文)
（一九八九年六月二十二日国务院批准一九八九年七月十一日国家外汇管理局发布）
根据一九八九年二月二十日国务院发布的《国务院关于加强华侨、港澳台同胞捐赠进口物资管理的若干规定》，为办理对华侨、港澳台同胞向国内单位捐赠的外汇参加外汇调剂，特制定本规定。
第一条 本规定所称“捐赠人”系指华侨、港澳台同胞。
第二条 本规定所称“受赠单位”系指非经营性社会团体和事业机构，包括各类民间团体协会、基金会、宗教组织、科研文教、医药卫生和兴办各种公益福利事业的单位。
第三条 受赠单位如要求将接受的捐赠外汇参加外汇调剂，须凭下列文件向国家外汇管理局或当地分局提出申请：
1．捐赠人提供的自愿捐赠的意愿书（内容包括捐赠金额及用途）；
2．按国发（1982）110文件审批权限规定的审批单位同意接受捐赠外汇的批件；
3．受赠单位申请参加调剂的报告。
第四条 各级政府接受华侨、港澳台同胞为支援本地区救灾捐赠的外汇，允许参加调剂。
第五条 受赠单位调剂外汇所得人民币款项，必须按捐赠人的捐赠意愿书规定的用途使用，不得挪作它用。
第六条 对借捐赠外汇为名，参加外汇调剂的，一经查实，按《违反外汇管理处罚实施细则》论处。
外籍华人向国内单位捐款的外汇，可参照本规定参与外汇调剂。
本规定自一九八九年七月一日起执行。
INTERIM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE USE OF DONATIONS IN FOREIGNEXCHANGE MADE BY OVERSEAS CHINESE AND COMPATRIOTS FROM HONG KONG, MACAOAND TAIWAN IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
INTERIM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE USE OF DONATIONS IN FOREIGN
EXCHANGE MADE BY OVERSEAS CHINESE AND COMPATRIOTS FROM HONG KONG, MACAO
AND TAIWAN IN THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE
(Approved by the State Council on June 22, 1989 and promulgated by
the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control on July 11, 1989)
These Provisions are formulated, in accordance with the Provisions of the
State Council Concerning the Administration of Imported Goods and
Materials Donated by Overseas Chinese and Compatriots from Hong Kong,
Macao and Taiwan promulgated by the State Council on February 20, 1989, in
order to handle cases concerning the use of donations in foreign exchange
made by overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
to domestic units in the regulation of foreign exchange.
Article 1
The term "donor(s)", as used in these Provisions, refers to overseas
Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
Article 2
The term "recipient-unit(s) of donations", as used in these Provisions,
refers to non-profit making social organizations and institutions,
including various nongovernmental organizations and associations,
foundations, religious organizations, units of scientific research,
culture and education, medicine and public health, and units that
undertake various kinds of public welfare.
Article 3
When recipient-units wish to participate in the regulation of foreign
exchange by using the accepted donations in foreign exchange, they shall
file an application to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange
Control, or to its local offices, on the strength of the following
documents:
(1) a letter of intent furnished by the donor indicating his/her
willingness to make the donation (including the amount of the donation and
its intended uses);
(2) the written approval, issued by the examining and approving department
designated in accordance with the stipulations on limits of powers for
examination and approval in Document No. 110 issued by the State Council
in 1982, indicating its approval for recipient-unit to accept the donation
in foreign exchange;
(3) the report by the recipient-unit applying for participation in the
regulation of foreign exchange.
Article 4
The foreign exchange donated to the governments at various levels by
overseas Chinese and compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan for
disaster relief in their respective areas, shall be permitted to be used
in the regulation of foreign exchange.
Article 5
The amount of Renminbi (RMB) obtained by a recipient-unit from regulation
of foreign exchange must be used in accordance with the purpose of the
donation specified on the donor's letter of intent; the aforesaid amount
of Renminbi (RMB) must not be used for other purposes.
Article 6
Anyone who participates in regulation of foreign exchange under the
pretext of utilizing donations in foreign exchange, once the case is
verified to be true, shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions
in Rules for the Implementation of the Imposition of Penalties on the
Violations of Foreign Exchange Control.
Donations in foreign exchange made by Chinese who have acquired foreign
citizenship to domestic units may be used in the regulation of foreign
exchange with reference to these Provisions.
These Provisions shall go into effect as of July 1, 1989.
