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哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法(附英文)

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哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法(附英文)

黑龙江省哈尔滨市人民政府


哈尔滨市人民政府令第223号


哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法(附英文)





《哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法》,已经2010年8月27日市人民政府第69次常务会议通过,现予发布,自2010年10月20日起施行


                             代市长:林铎
                           二〇一〇年九月十四日



哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法







  第一条 为加强城市建筑垃圾管理,保障城市市容和环境卫生整洁,根据国务院《城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》、《黑龙江省城市市容和环境卫生管理条例》、《哈尔滨市市容环境卫生管理条例》等有关规定,结合本市实际,制定本办法。

  第二条 本办法适用于本市城市规划区内建筑垃圾的排放、运输、回填、消纳、利用等处置活动。

  第三条 本办法所称建筑垃圾,是指新建、改建、扩建和拆除各类建筑物、构筑物、管网以及装修房屋过程中所产生的弃土、弃料及其它废弃物。
  本办法所称建筑垃圾消纳,是指按照环境卫生、环境保护相关要求接收、容纳建筑垃圾的过程。

  第四条 建筑垃圾管理坚持减量化、资源化、无害化处置和谁产生、谁承担处置责任的原则。
  鼓励单位和个人优先采用建筑垃圾综合利用产品。

  第五条 市城市市容环境卫生行政主管部门(以下简称市市容环卫部门)负责本市城市建筑垃圾的管理工作,并负责本办法的组织实施。
  区城市市容环境卫生行政主管部门(以下简称区市容环卫部门)按照职责分工,负责本辖区内建筑垃圾的管理工作。
  集中行使城市管理行政处罚权的行政执法部门(以下简称城管执法部门),负责实施本办法规定的行政处罚。
  城乡建设、城乡规划、国土资源、环境保护、住房保障和房产管理、财政、价格、交通运输、公安、质量技术监督等行政主管部门及街道办事处应当按照各自的职责做好建筑垃圾管理的相关工作。

  第六条 建筑垃圾的排放、运输和消纳按照国家和省有关规定实行核准制度;未经核准,不得擅自排放、运输和消纳。
  产生建筑垃圾的建设或者拆迁单位,应当在工程开工前持建筑垃圾处置计划和《建设工程施工许可证》或者《建筑工程基础承诺书》,向市市容环卫部门提出建筑垃圾排放申请,经核准取得《建筑垃圾排放处置证》后,方可排放。
  运输建筑垃圾的单位,应当持《车辆行驶证》、《道路运输证》、《运输车辆密闭合格证》,向市市容环卫部门提出建筑垃圾运输申请,经核准取得《建筑垃圾准运证》后,方可运输。《建筑垃圾准运证》实行一车一证。对个人不予核准《建筑垃圾准运证》。
  消纳建筑垃圾的单位,应当持国土资源、城乡规划、环境保护行政主管部门批准文件,向市市容环卫部门提出申请,经核准取得《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》后,方可消纳。
  市市容环卫部门接到申请后,应当在3个工作日内完成审查,核发建筑垃圾处置核准文件;不予核发的,应当告知原因。

  第七条 任何单位和个人不得伪造、涂改、倒卖、出租、转借建筑垃圾处置核准证件。

  第八条 城乡建设和拆迁行政主管部门应当在核发建设施工、拆迁许可文件的同时,将建设工程、拆迁工程排放建筑垃圾的有关信息转送市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门。
  实行承诺制的建设工程,应当将承诺单位排放建筑垃圾的有关信息转送市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门。
  市市容环卫部门应当将核准排放的建筑垃圾有关信息反馈给城乡建设、拆迁行政主管部门和市城管执法部门。

  第九条 产生建筑垃圾的建设单位或者拆迁单位,应当监督施工单位按照本办法规定组织清运建筑垃圾。

  第十条 施工单位应当将建筑垃圾交给经核准从事建筑垃圾运输的单位运输,并签订运输合同。运输合同应当向工程所在地的区市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门备案。
  建筑垃圾运输单位不得将建筑垃圾再进行转包。

  第十一条 施工单位应当及时清运建筑垃圾,保持工地和周边环境整洁。

  第十二条 施工单位应当按照运输车辆的核定载质量装载建筑垃圾,不得超高、超量装载。
  超高、超载、密闭不严的运输车辆不得驶出工地。

  第十三条 施工单位应当对工地出入口进行硬铺装,配备相应的冲洗设施。
运输车辆驶出工地前,施工单位应当将运输车辆车厢外侧和轮胎清理、清洗干净。

  第十四条 建筑垃圾排放按照国家有关规定,实行收费制度,具体收费标准由市价格行政主管部门核定。
  产生建筑垃圾的单位,应当按照规定缴纳处置费。

  第十五条 施工单位处置建筑垃圾情况,实行综合信用评价管理。属于建筑施工的,纳入建筑企业综合信用评价体系进行管理;属于拆除施工的,纳入房屋拆除信用评价进行管理。

  市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门应当将建筑施工单位处置建筑垃圾的情况提供给市建筑企业综合信用评价机构或者市房屋拆迁行政主管部门,按照规定程序记入企业信用档案。

  第十六条 运输建筑垃圾的车辆应当按照《哈尔滨市自卸汽车密闭厢盖技术规范》的要求安装密闭装置,经具有资质的产品检验机构检验合格后,方可使用。
市市容环卫部门应当将经核准的车辆在市市容环卫部门信息网站、报纸等媒体上公布,方便社会使用,接受社会监督。

  第十七条 运输建筑垃圾的单位应当在运输建筑垃圾前,持《建筑垃圾准运证》到市市容环卫部门领取《运输卡》,并随车携带备查。
  《运输卡》由市市容环卫部门和市公安交通管理部门联合办理。
  《运输卡》应当载明运输工地、运输路线、排放时间、消纳场地等内容。

  第十八条 从事运输建筑垃圾的单位应当遵守下列规定:

  (一)承运经核准排放的建筑垃圾。
  (二)按照运输车辆核定载质量运输,封闭严密,不沿途撒落。
  (三)随车携带《建筑垃圾准运证》、《建筑垃圾运输卡》,并放置在车辆风挡玻璃内侧,自觉接受监督检查。
  (四)按照公安交通部门指定的运输路线和时间行驶。
  (五)在指定的消纳场倾卸,服从场地管理人员指挥,并取得回执备查。

  第十九条 设置建筑垃圾消纳场应当符合规划和市容环境卫生、环境保护、国土资源等有关管理规定,并按照规定办理相关审批手续。
  市市容环卫部门应当将经核准的消纳场所在市市容环卫部门信息网站、报纸等媒体上公布。

  第二十条 建筑垃圾消纳应当遵守下列规定:

  (一)消纳场区四周应当设置不低于2米的实体围墙,并配备防污染的设施。
  (二)配备专人管理,保持场地设施完好、卫生整洁。
  (三)建立完善的消纳登记回执制度,及时登记并发放回执。
  (四)不得受纳工业垃圾、生活垃圾和有毒有害的垃圾。

  第二十一条 单位装修产生建筑垃圾的,应当向区市容环卫部门申报,按照区市容环卫部门指定的地点临时堆放、苫盖严密,并雇佣经核准的运输车辆及时清运。
个人装修产生建筑垃圾,实行物业管理的,应当提前向物业服务企业申报;未实行物业管理的,应当提前向街道办事处申报,并在物业服务企业或者街道办事处指定的地点临时堆放、苫盖严密,自行或者委托物业服务企业或者街道办事处雇佣经核准的运输车辆及时清运。
区市容环卫部门、街道办事处、物业服务企业指定的临时堆放地点不得影响城市交通。

  第二十二条 施工产生的可利用黑土、黄土,应当单独排放、运输,送到市市容环卫部门指定的地点存放。

  需要回填或者利用建筑垃圾的单位,应当持产生建筑垃圾单位的同意证明、需求量、雇佣车辆等有关资料,向市市容环卫部门申报,经市市容环卫部门核准后方可回填或者利用。市市容环卫部门应当将核准信息转送市城管执法部门。
  回填或者利用建筑垃圾,应当建立接收登记制度,并设专人对接收建筑垃圾的情况进行登记管理。接收结束后,应当将接收登记的记录报市市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门备案。

  第二十三条 市容环卫、城管行政执法、公安交通等行政主管部门,应当依据各自职责建立建筑垃圾管理工作责任制,落实监管责任,对建筑垃圾排放、运输和消纳等行为进行监督检查。
  被检查单位和有关人员应当予以配合,接受检查,提供相关文件和证件。

  第二十四条 产生建筑垃圾的建设或者拆迁单位违反本办法规定,未取得《建筑垃圾排放处置证》擅自排放建筑垃圾的,由市城管执法部门责令限期改正,给予警告,处以 5000元以上3万元以下罚款。

  第二十五条 施工单位违反本办法规定,有下列情形之一的,由市城管执法部门按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)未及时清运建筑垃圾造成环境污染的,责令限期改正,处以1000元以上5000元以下罚款。
  (二)将建筑垃圾交给未经核准从事建筑垃圾运输单位或者个人运输的,责令限期改正,给予警告,处以1万元以上10万元以下罚款。
  (三)未对工地出入口进行硬铺装的,责令改正,处以1000元以上5000元以下罚款。
  (四)运输车辆驶出工地前,未将车辆车厢外侧和轮胎清理、清洗干净的,责令限期改正,每辆车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款;拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  (五)未与建筑垃圾运输单位签订运输合同,或者未将运输合同报区市容环卫部门和市城管执法部门备案的,责令限期改正,处以1000元以上3000元以下罚款。
  (六)未按照运输车辆的核定载质量装载建筑垃圾,超高、超量装载,或者让超高、超载、密闭不严的运输车辆驶出工地的,责令改正,处以5000元以上2万元以下罚款,情节严重拒不改正的,可以依法滞留装载机械。

  第二十六条 运输建筑垃圾的单位违反本办法规定,有下列情形之一的,责令限期改正,由市城管执法部门按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)未申办建筑垃圾准运证擅自运输建筑垃圾的,每车处以500元以上2000元以下罚款。    
  (二)将建筑垃圾进行转包的,处以1000元以上2000元以下罚款。
  (三)未到市市容环卫部门领取建筑垃圾运输卡,并随车携带备查的,每车处以200元以上500元以下罚款。
  (四)使用未安装密闭装置的车辆运输建筑垃圾或者运输车辆封闭不严的,每车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款,拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  (五)承运未经核准排放建筑垃圾的,每车处以200元以上500元以下罚款。
  (六)运输过程中沿途撒落建筑垃圾的,每车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款;拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  (七)未随车携带《建筑垃圾准运证》、《运输卡》的,处以200元罚款。
  (八)擅自倾倒建筑垃圾的,每车处以2000元以上5000元以下罚款,并可以滞留运输工具。
  (九)运输车辆轮胎未清洗干净,污染道路的,每车处以500元以上1000元以下罚款,拒不接受处理,情节严重的,可以滞留车辆。
  故意在城市道路上倾倒垃圾损毁路面的,由公安部门依据《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》进行处罚。

  第二十七条 消纳建筑垃圾的单位违反本办法规定,有下列情形之一的,由市城管执法部门责令限期改正,按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)未取得《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》擅自消纳建筑垃圾的,给予警告,处以 1万元以上10万元以下罚款。
  (二)消纳场区四周未按照规定设置围墙,配备防污染设施的,处以5000元以上1万元以下罚款。
  (三)未配备专人管理,保持场地设施完好、卫生整洁的,处以1000元以上2000元以下罚款。
  (四)未建立完善的消纳登记回执制度,及时登记并发放回执的,处以500元以上1000元以下罚款。
  (五)受纳工业垃圾、生活垃圾和有毒有害垃圾的,处以5000元以上1万元以下罚款。
  违反本条前款规定情节严重的,市市容环卫部门可以收回《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》。

  第二十八条 单位和个人违反本办法规定有下列情形之一的,由市城管执法部门按照下列规定进行处罚:

  (一)个人从事运输建筑垃圾的,责令改正,每车处以500元以上2000元以下罚款。
  (二)涂改、倒卖、出租、转借建筑垃圾处置核准文件的,责令改正,处以5000元以上2万元以下罚款。
  (三)未在指定地点堆放装修产生的建筑垃圾,或者未及时委托物业服务企业、街道办事处代为清运建筑垃圾的,责令改正,逾期未改正的,处以100元以上500元以下罚款。

  第二十九条 从事建筑垃圾运输的单位有超过运输车辆核定载质量装载、沿途洒落、随意乱卸建筑垃圾等行为,一年内经过两次行政处罚仍不改正的,除按照规定进行处罚外,三年内不予办理《建筑垃圾准运证》。

  第三十条 侮辱、殴打行政执法人员或者阻挠其执行公务的,由公安机关按照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》有关规定进行处理。

  第三十一条 违反本办法其他规定的,由有关行政管理部门按照相关规定进行处罚。

  第三十二条 市容环卫、城管行政执法、公安交通等行政主管部门及其工作人员应当依法履行职责,不得玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊。

  违反本条前款规定有下列情形之一的,由其所在单位或者上级机关视情节轻重给予问责或者行政处分;构成犯罪的,移送司法机关追究刑事责任:

  (一)违反规定核准《建筑垃圾排放处置证》、《建筑垃圾准运证》、《建筑垃圾消纳处置证》的;
  (二)未依法对未经核准擅自排放、运输、消纳建筑垃圾的违法行为进行查处的;
  (三)未按照规定转送相关信息的;
  (四)未按照规定对施工单位违法装载建筑垃圾行为进行查处的;
  (五)其他未依法履行监管职责的情形。

  第三十三条 本办法自2010年 10月20日起施行。市人民政府2006年8月9日发布的《哈尔滨市城市建筑垃圾管理办法》同时废止。


Measures of the Municipality of Harbin for
Administration of Urban Construction Garbage

(Promulgated by Decree No.223 of the People’s Government of the Municipality
of Harbin on September 14, 2010, and effective as of October 20, 2010 )

Article 1 These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Regulations on Administration of Urban City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation formulated by the State Council, the Regulations of Heilongjiang Province on Administration of Urban City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation and the Regulations of the Municipality of Harbin on Administration of City Appearance and Environmental Sanitation and other relevant regulations, by taking into account the particular circumstances of this Municipality, for the purposes of strengthening the administration of urban construction garbage and ensuring cleanness and tidiness of urban city appearance and environmental sanitation.
Article 2 These Measures shall be applicable to the disposal activities such as discharge, transport, backfill, storage for disposal, and utilization of construction garbage within the planned urban areas of this Municipality.
Article 3 The term “construction garbage” in these Measures refers to the discarded soil, materials, and other waste, which are produced in the process of constructing, reconstructing, extending, or demolishing various buildings, structures, or pipe networks, as well as in the process of housing upgrade.
The term “storage for disposal of construction garbage” in these Measures refers to the process of reception and acceptance of construction garbage according to the relevant requirements of environmental sanitation and environmental protection.
Article 4 The administration of construction garbage shall adhere to the principles of reducing the amount, turning into resources, and having the garbage innocuously treated and of whoever produces the garbage shall bear the responsibility of disposal.
All the units and individuals are encouraged to give priority to the use of comprehensive utilization products of construction garbage.
Article 5 The competent administrative department for urban city appearance and environmental sanitation of this Municipality (hereinafter referred to as the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation) shall be responsible for the administration of urban construction garbage of this Municipality, and for organizing the implementation of these Measures.
The competent administrative department for urban city appearance and environmental sanitation of a district (hereinafter referred to as the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation) shall, according to its division of duties, be responsible for the administration of construction garbage within its jurisdiction area.
The administrative department of law enforcement which exercises the power of administrative penalty for urban management in a centralized way(hereinafter referred to as the urban management law enforcement department)shall be responsible for the imposition of administrative penalty provided in these Measures.
The competent administrative departments for urban and rural construction, urban and rural planning, land and resources, environmental protection, housing guarantee and management, finance, pricing, communications and transportation, public security, quality inspection and technical supervision and so on, as well as sub-district offices shall, according to their respective functions and duties, bring success to the relevant administration work of construction garbage.
Article 6 The approval system shall be implemented in discharge, transport and storage for disposal of construction garbage according to the relevant regulations of the State and this Province. No construction garbage may be discharged, transported or consumed without approval.
The project owner or the demolition and relocation unit producing construction garbage may not be allowed to discharge such garbage until it, prior to the commencement of the project, has made an application to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation for discharging construction garbage and obtained the Construction Garbage Discharge License upon approval by holding the construction garbage disposal plan and the Construction Project Permit or the Basic Promises on Construction Project.
The unit transporting construction garbage may not be allowed to transport the garbage until it has made an application to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation for transporting construction garbage and has obtained the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage upon approval by holding the Vehicle License, Road Transport License and the Sealing Certificate for Transport Vehicle. One Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage shall be given to one vehicle only. No individual may be approved to get the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage.
The unit storing for disposal of construction garbage may not be allowed to store for disposal of such garbage until it has made an application to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and obtained the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License upon approval by holding the approval documents of the competent administrative departments for land and resources, urban and rural planning and environmental protection.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall, within three working days after receiving the application, complete examination and issue the approval document of construction garbage disposal; in case no approval document is issued, the reason shall be notified.
Article 7 No unit or individual may forge, alter, buy in and sell, lease or borrow the approval certificates for disposal of construction garbage .
Article 8 The competent administrative departments for urban and rural construction and for demolition and relocation shall, at the same time of issuing the approval document of construction or demolition and relocation, transfer the information about discharge of construction garbage in a construction project or demolition and relocation project to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
For the construction project in which the promise system is exercised, the information about the discharge of construction garbage by the promising unit shall be transferred to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall feed back the information about the construction garbage approved to be discharged to the competent administrative departments for urban and rural construction and for demolition and relocation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
Article 9 The project owner or the demolition and relocation unit producing construction garbage shall supervise the construction unit to organize clear and transport away the construction garbage as provided in these Measures.
Article 10 The construction unit shall deliver the construction garbage for transport to the unit approved to engage in transport of construction garbage and enter into a transport contract with the latter. The transport contract shall be submitted for record to the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department of the place where the project is located.
The unit transporting construction garbage may not subcontract the transport of construction garbage.
Article 11 The construction unit shall clear and transport away construction garbage without delay so as to keep the building site and surrounding environment tidy and clean.
Article 12 The construction unit shall load construction garbage according to the approved loading weight of the vehicles transporting such garbage, and shall not load them over the approved height and weight.
The transport vehicle which loads construction garbage over the approved height and weight, or which is not tightly sealed may not run away from the building site.
Article 13 The construction unit shall stiffen the surfaces of entrances and exits of the construction site and equip with appropriate washing facilities.
Before the transport vehicle leaves from the construction site, the construction unit shall clean up the outer sides of carriage and tires of the vehicle.
Article 14 The charge system shall be exercised for discharge of construction garbage according to the relevant regulations of the State, and the specific charge standard shall be ratified by the municipal competent administrative department for pricing.
The unit which produces construction garbage shall pay disposal fee according to the provisions.
Article 15 The disposal of construction garbage by a construction unit shall be subject to the comprehensive credit evaluation management. In case of building construction, it shall be incorporated for management into the evaluation system of comprehensive credit of construction enterprises; in case of demolition operation, it shall be incorporated for management into the evaluation system of housing demolition credit.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall provide the municipal agency for evaluation of comprehensive credit of construction enterprises or the municipal competent administrative department for housing demolition and relocation with the information about disposal of construction garbage by construction units, and record such information in the enterprise credit archive according to the prescribed procedure.
Article 16 Vehicles for transport of construction garbage shall be installed with seal devices in accordance with the Technical Specifications of Harbin Municipality for Hermetic Cargo Body Cover of Dump Trucks, and may not be put into use until they have passed the inspection conducted by the qualified product inspection institution.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall make the vehicles approved public in such media as the information website of the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation or the newspapers for convenient use by and supervision of the public.
Article 17 The unit transporting construction garbage shall, before the transport, obtain the Transport Card from the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation by holding the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage, and the said Card shall be taken on the vehicle for check.
The Transport Card shall be issued by the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation in association with the municipal department for public security and traffic administration.
The construction site, transport route, discharging time and storage field for disposal shall be specified in the Transport Card.
Article 18 The unit engaged in transport of construction garbage shall abide by the following provisions:
(1) To carry construction garbage discharged upon approval;
(2) To transport construction garbage in accordance with the approved loading weight of the transport vehicle, with vehicle being closely sealed, and not to drop and scatter garbage along the way;
(3) To carry with the vehicle the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage, the Construction Garbage Transport Card and place them in the inner side of the vehicles’ window shield, and consciously accept supervision and inspection;
(4) To drive in light of the transport route and time designated by the public security and traffic department; and
(5) To dump garbage in the designated storage fields for disposal, follow the instructions of the field administrative personnel, and obtain a receipt for future inspection.
Article 19 The establishment of a storage field for disposal of construction garbage shall conform to the planning and the relevant regulations on city appearance and environmental sanitation, environmental protection, land and resources, and the examination and approval procedures shall be gone through in accordance with the regulations.
The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall make the approved consumption fields public in such media as the information website of the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation or the newspapers.
Article 20 The following provisions shall be abided by in the storage for disposal of construction garbage:
(1) A solid enclosure wall not less than 2 meters shall be built to enclose the consumption field, and facilities against pollution shall be equipped in the consumption field;
(2) Special persons shall be appointed for management purpose, and the field and facilities shall be kept in good condition, clean and tidy;
(3) A complete storage for disposal registration and receipt system shall be established, and registration shall be made and the receipt shall be issued without delay; and
(4) No industrial garbage, domestic garbage, and poisonous and noxious garbage may be stored for disposal.
Article 21 Where a unit produces construction garbage in housing upgrade, it shall make a declaration to the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation, temporarily pile up the construction garbage at the place designated by the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and cover them tightly, and employ approved transport vehicles to clear and transport e them away without delay.
Where an individual produces construction garbage in housing upgrade, the individual concerned shall make a declaration to the realty service enterprise in advance if realty management system is exercised; if the realty management system is not exercised, the individual concerned shall make a declaration to the sub-district office, temporarily pile up the construction garbage at the place designated by the realty service enterprise or the sub-district office and cover them tightly, and employ approved transport vehicles to clear and transport them away without delay by himself or by consigning the realty service enterprise or the sub-district office .
Any place for temporarily piling up construction garbage, which is designated by the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation, the sub-district office, or the realty service enterprise, shall not adversely affect urban traffic.
Article 22 The usable black soil and yellow soil produced in construction shall be discharged and transported separately, and be delivered to and placed at the site designated by the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation.
The unit which needs to have construction garbage backfilled or to utilize construction garbage shall, by holding the consent certification of the unit producing such construction garbage, the quantity of construction garbage needed, the information about the employed vehicles and other materials, make a declaration to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation, and may not have the garbage backfilled or utilized until the declaration has been approved by the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation. The municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation shall transfer the information of approval information to the municipal urban management law enforcement department.
A reception and registration system shall be set up for backfilling and using construction garbage, and special persons shall be assigned to register the reception of construction garbage. Upon completion of reception, the record of reception registration shall be submitted to the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department for record.
Article 23 The competent administrative departments for city appearance and environmental sanitation, urban management law enforcement , and public security and traffic administration shall, according to their respective duties, set up the system of responsibility for administration of construction garbage, fulfill the supervision responsibility, and exercise supervision and inspection of the discharge, transport and storage for disposal of construction garbage.
The unit being inspected and the person concerned shall offer cooperation, accept inspection and provide the relevant documents and certificates.
Article 24 If the project owner or demolition unit producing construction garbage, in violation of the provisions of these Measures, fails to obtain the Construction Garbage Discharge License and discharges construction garbage without authorizations, the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 30,000 Yuan.
Article 25 If the construction unit, in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following acts, the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If it fails to clear and transport away construction garbage, which results in environmental pollution, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 5,000 Yuan.
(2) If it delivers construction garbage for transport to the unit or individual not being approved to engage in transport of construction garbage, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 Yuan but not more than 100,000 Yuan.
(3) If it fails to stiffen the surfaces of the entrances and exits of the construction site, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, and if no correction is made upon expiry of the time limit, impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 5,000 Yuan.
(4) If, before the transport vehicle leaves from the construction site, it fails to clean up the outer sides of carriage and tires of the vehicle, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, and impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle. If it refuses to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
(5) If it fails to enter into a transportation contract with the unit approved to engage in transport of construction garbage, or fails to submit the transportation contract for record to the district department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and the municipal urban management law enforcement department, the said department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit, and impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 3,000 Yuan.
(6) If it fails to load construction garbage according to the approved loading weight of the transport vehicle, or loads the garbage over the approved height or weight, or allows the transport vehicle loaded with construction garbage over the approved height or weight or not sealed tightly to leave from the construction site, the said department shall order it to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 20,000 Yuan; if the circumstance is serious and it refuses to make corrections, the loading machines may be detained according to law.
Article 26 If the unit engaged in transport of construction garbage , in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following acts it shall be ordered to make corrections within the specified time limit, and the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If it transports construction garbage without applying to get the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan for each vehicle.
(2) If it subcontracts the transport of construction garbage, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan.
(3) If it fails to obtain the Construction Garbage Transport Card from the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation and take the said Card with the vehicle for inspection, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 200 Yuan but not more than 500 Yuan for each vehicle.
(4) If it uses the vehicle not being equipped with seal devices to transport construction garbage, or the transport vehicle is not sealed tightly, the said department shall impose a fine of 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle; if it refuses to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
(5) If it transports the construction garbage not being approved to discharge, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 200 Yuan but not more than 500 Yuan for each vehicle.
(6) If it drops and scatters construction garbage along the way during the transport, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle; if it refuses to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
(7) If it fails to take the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage and the Transport Card with the vehicle, the said department shall impose a fine of 200 Yuan.
(8) If it dumps construction garbage without authorizations, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 2,000 Yuan but not more than 5,000 Yuan for each vehicle, and the transport tool in question may be detained.
(9) If it fails to clean up the transport vehicle’ tires, thus resulting in polluting the roads, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan for each vehicle; if it refuses s to accept the penalty and the circumstance is serious, the vehicle in question may be detained.
If it deliberately dumps garbage on the urban road, thus resulting in damaging the road surface, the public security department shall impose the penalty upon it according to the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 27 If the unit for storing for disposal of garbage consumption,in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following act the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall order it to make corrections within the specified time limit and impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If it fails to obtain the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License and stores for disposal of construction garbage without authorizations, the said department shall give it a warning, and impose a fine of not less than 10,000 Yuan but not more than 100,000 Yuan.
(2) If it fails to build an enclosure wall to enclose the consumption field according to the provisions, or fails to equip with anti-pollution facilities, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 10,000 Yuan.
(3) If it fails to appoint special persons for management purpose, or fails to keep the field and facilities in good condition, sanitary and clean, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 1,000 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan.
(4) If it fails to develop a complete registration and receipt system on storage for disposal of construction garbage, or fails to make registration and issue the receipt without delay, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 1,000 Yuan.
(5) If it stores for disposal of industrial garbage, domestic garbage or toxic hazardous garbage, the said department shall impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 10,000 Yuan.
If the violation of the provisions of the preceding paragraph of this Article is serious in, the municipal department for city appearance and environmental sanitation may take back the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License.
Article 28 If any unit or individual, in violation of the provisions of these Measures, commits any of the following acts the municipal urban management law enforcement department shall impose penalties according to the following provisions:
(1) If an individual engages in transport of construction garbage, the said department shall order to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 500 Yuan but not more than 2,000 Yuan for each vehicle.
(2) If the unit or individual alters, buys in and sells, leases or borrows the approval certificates for disposal of construction garbage, the said department shall order to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 5,000 Yuan but not more than 20,000 Yuan.
(3) If the unit or individual fails to pile up construction garbage produced in housing upgrade at the designated place, or fails to consign the realty service enterprise or the sub-district office to clear and transport away construction garbage instead thereof, the said department shall order to make corrections and impose a fine of not less than 100 Yuan but not more than 500 Yuan.
Article 29 Where any unit engaged in transport of construction garbage fails to make corrections even though it has been given administrative sanctions twice within one year because it loads construction garbage in excess of the approved loading weight of a transport vehicle, drops and scatters garbage along the way, or dumps the garbage randomly, it shall, in addition to the penalties imposed in accordance with the provisions, not be allowed to apply for the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage in three years.
Article 30 Those who insult or assault administrative law-enforcing officials, or obstruct them from carrying out duties, shall be penalized by the public security department in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.
Article 31 Those who violate other provisions of these Measures shall be penalized by the relevant administrative departments in accordance with the regulations concerned.
Article 32 The competent administrative departments for city appearance and environmental sanitation, urban management law enforcement, and pubic security and traffic administration, as well as their staff members, shall perform their functions and duties according to law, and shall not neglect their duties, abuse their powers, or commit illegalities by fraudulent means or for personal gains.
If any one violates the preceding paragraph of this Article and commits any of the following acts, the unit he belongs to or the organ at a higher level shall, according to the seriousness of the case,require the said person to hold accountability or give an administrative sanction; if a crime is constituted, the said person shall be transferred to the judicial organ for investigating for criminal liabilities.
(1) Approving the Construction Garbage Discharge License, the Permit for Transport of Construction Garbage or the Storage for Disposal of Construction Garbage License in violation of the provisions;
(2) Failing to investigate and punish according to law any illegal act of discharging, transporting or storing for disposal of construction garbage without approval;
(3) Failing to transfer the relevant information according to the provisions;
(4) Failing to investigate and punish according to the provisions any illegal act of loading construction garbage by the construction unit; and
(5) Other acts of failing to perform supervisory duties according to law.
Article 33 These Measures shall take effect as of October 20, 2010. The Measures of the Municipality of Harbin for Administration of Urban Construction Garbage promulgated by the municipal people’s government on August 9, 2006 shall be repealed simultaneously.
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青海省人民政府办公厅转发省财政厅等部门《青海省循环经济发展专项资金管理办法》的通知

青海省人民政府办公厅


青海省人民政府办公厅转发省财政厅等部门《青海省循环经济发展专项资金管理办法》的通知

青政办[2010]245号


西宁市、各自治州人民政府,海东行署,省政府各委、办、厅、局:

  省财政厅、省发展改革委、省经委《青海省循环经济发展专项资金管理办法》已经省人民政府同意,现转发给你们,请结合实际,认真组织实施。


青海省人民政府办公厅
二〇一〇年十月二十六日



青海省循环经济发展专项资金管理办法


省财政厅 省发展改革委 省经委


(二〇一〇年九月)

第一章 总则

  第一条 为加快发展我省循环经济,进一步促进全省经济发展方式转变,根据《国务院关于加快发展循环经济的若干意见》(国发〔2005〕22号)和《青海省人民政府关于加快推进柴达木循环经济试验区发展的若干意见》(青政〔2010〕70号)精神,制定本办法。

  第二条 本办法所称循环经济,是以资源高效利用和循环利用为核心,以“减量化、再利用、资源化”为原则,以“低消耗、低排放、高效率”为基本特征,符合可持续发展理念的经济增长模式。其中,减量化是指在生产、流通和消费过程中减少资源消耗和废物产生;再利用是指将废物直接作为产品或者经修复、翻新、再制造后继续作为产品使用,或者将废物的全部或者部分作为其他产品的部件予以使用;资源化是指将废物直接作为原料进行利用或者对废物进行再生利用。

  第三条 本办法所称循环经济发展专项资金,是指在“十二五”期间,省级财政通过整合原生矿产品生态补偿费、资源税增量部分以及中央和省级财政安排的支持循环经济发展的专项资金,主要用于支持柴达木和西宁经济技术开发区两个循环经济试验区发展。支持的范围包括:循环经济科技研究开发、应用推广;循环经济项目前期工作;循环经济工业园区基础设施建设;具有示范性、导向性的资源综合利用、节水节能、污染防治、技术应用推广、产业升级等项目实施;支持试验区进口适用技术和产品;对太阳能、风能等新能源价格进行临时补贴和二次补贴以及发展循环经济信息服务等的专项资金(以下简称专项资金)。

  第四条 专项资金的使用和管理围绕支持再利用和资源化的目标任务,坚持择优支持、突出重点、效率优先、注重实效、公正透明。

第二章 专项资金支持重点、使用方向

  第五条 专项资金重点用于支持循环经济试验区建设项目和一般项目。循环经济试验区建设项目指循环经济试验区工业园区公用配套、能源共享、资源回收体系、水循环利用以及城乡基础设施建设等项目。一般项目指:

  (一)循环经济技术研发和应用推广项目。包括:循环经济关键共性技术装备的示范推广、产业化生产;循环经济发展中延长产业链和相关产业链接技术应用;能源节约和替代技术、能源高效清洁利用及能量梯级利用技术应用;绿色再制造技术应用等。

  (二)构建循环经济试验区产业体系项目。包括:以盐湖资源开发为龙头的化工循环产业体系项目;以盐湖资源综合利用为基础的金属产业体系项目;以配套盐湖资源开发为主导的油气化工循环产业体系项目;以特色资源开发为配套的煤炭和铁矿综合利用产业体系项目;以高原动植物资源开发利用为主的特色生物产业体系项目;以新能源产业为主导的新兴产业体系项目。

  (三)污染防治类项目。包括:固体废弃物(工业废弃物、农业废弃物、生活垃圾及废弃电子产品等)资源化利用技术、再生资源回收利用产业化重大项目;污染物减量化处理设施的建设和改造项目;污染防治技术和环境保护技术的利用项目等。

  (四)节能节水资源综合利用类项目。包括:循环经济试验区内高耗能、高耗水行业的节能、节水技术改造项目;矿井水利用、企业废水利用项目;共伴生矿产资源综合利用项目等。

  (五)发展循环经济的信息服务和能力建设项目。包括:支持建设循环经济公共信息服务平台及中介服务平台;支持建立统计、评价、考核体系。

  (六)循环经济前期项目。用于循环经济发展等方面的项目规划、可行性研究等前期工作。

  (七)开展循环经济的其他工作。制定相关标准,实施项目管理,组织宣传培训等。第六条年度专项资金支持重点由省发展改革委会同省经委、省财政厅予以明确。

第三章 专项资金支持方式及支持标准

  第七条 专项资金支持方式分为投资补助、贷款贴息、以奖代补和适当注入资本金。

  第八条 对在循环经济试验区内登记注册的以提升产业整体水平、延伸产业链、促进产业间共生耦合、提高资源利用效率、节能减排、环境保护等方面项目为主的重点国有独资或国有控股企业、单一所有权的民营企业,可有选择性的采取注入资本金方式予以支持,注入的资本金占企业注册资本的30%以内,委托青海省发展投资有限公司或试验区内专门设立的国有资本主体作为出资人代表进行管理,保持国有资产保值增值。

  第九条 专项资金的补助标准:

  (一)循环经济试验区建设项目采取以奖代补方式予以支持。循环经济试验区公用配套、能源共享、资源回收体系、水循环利用以及城乡基础设施建设等项目,按照项目投资总额的20%给予补助,按项目实施进度分期支付,项目实施期不超过3年。

  (二)一般性项目采取投资补助和贷款贴息方式予以支持,由申报单位自愿选择。

  1.投资补助标准:符合本办法第五条第(一)、(二)款的项目,按照项目固定资产投资总额的20%以内给予补助;符合本办法第五条第(三)、(四)款的项目,按照项目固定资产投资总额的10%以内给予补助;符合本办法第五条第(五)款的项目,按照项目总投资的30%以内给予补助;符合本办法第五条第(六)、(七)款的项目,经审查核定后,给予一定的经费补助。

  2.贷款贴息标准:根据申报单位与银行签订的建设或改造项目贷款合同(一年以上,含一年),按照上年度贷款实际到位和利息支付情况,给予60%—70%的贷款贴息。贴息额度根据中国人民银行公布的同期贷款基准利率确定,贴息期限为2年。第十条同一项目近三年内已通过其他渠道获取财政资金支持的,专项资金不再予以支持;同一项目的同一建设内容,不予重复支持。

第四章 专项资金申报条件和申报程序

  第十一条 申报专项资金的项目应具备以下条件:

  (一)符合国家产业政策,符合全省循环经济发展确定的方向和重点;

  (二)项目主体明确,有健全的财会核算和管理制度,会计信用和纳税信用良好;

  (三)社会效益和经济效益显著,项目实施后具有显著的节能、节约资源、提高资源综合利用效率、减少废弃物排放的效果。

  (四)项目自筹资金和其他配套资金已经落实,资金来源符合国家有关规定。

  第十二条 专项资金申报程序

  (一)每年2月底前,由省发展改革委会同省经委、省财政厅研究确定年度支持重点,发布专项资金申报通知。

  (二)项目单位按照本办法的规定和年度申报通知要求,按照属地原则,于每年3月底前将申报材料报送项目所在地发展改革、经(贸)委、财政等部门,柴达木循环经济试验区、西宁经济技术开发区内的项目单位将申报材料分别报柴达木循环经济试验区管委会、西宁经济技术开发区管委会(以下简称管委会)。各州、地、市相关部门及两个管委会对专项资金申请材料初审、汇总后,联合报送省发展改革委、省经委、省财政厅。省属企业和中央驻青企业直接向省发展改革委、省经委、省财政厅提交资金申请报告,并按本办法规定提交相关资料。

  第十三条 各地发展改革委会同经(贸)委,根据本办法规定的资金安排原则和项目申报条件,对申请资金的项目进行审查,并对审查结果负责;项目单位要对提交的资金申请报告及所有材料的真实性负责。第十四条专项资金申请报告应包括以下内容:

  (一)一般项目资金申请报告,主要内容包括:

  1.项目单位基本情况和财务状况。

  2.企业投资项目的核准或备案的批准文件。

  3.项目实施的意义及必要性。包括国内外现状和技术发展趋势,对产业发展的作用和影响,市场分析,产业关联度分析等。

  4.项目建设方案。项目建设的主要内容,采用的工艺技术路线与技术特点,设备选型及主要技术经济指标,建设地点、建设工期和进度安排等。

  5.项目技术基础。包括循环经济技术开发情况,已完成的研发工作及中试情况,技术或工艺特点,与现有技术或工艺的比较优势,重大关键技术的突破对行业技术进步的重要意义和作用。

  6.项目投资情况。项目总投资规模,资金筹措方案以及贷款偿还计划等。

  7.环境保护部门出具的环境评价审查意见及节能部门出具的合理用能审查意见。

  8.项目财务分析、经济分析及主要指标情况。

  9.申请贴息的项目须出具金融机构的贷款承诺函或贷款合同。

  (二)循环经济试验区基础设施建设项目资金申请报告,主要内容包括:基础设施项目建设建议书、可行性研究报告;编制完成的初步设计文件;项目建设投资规模及筹措方案;项目建设选址情况;初步设计概算等。

第五章 项目审定及资金拨付

  第十五条 省发展改革委会同省经委按照各自的职责分工,从资金安排原则、项目申报条件、资金申请报告及附件材料是否真实完整三个方面,对申请专项资金的项目进行初审。初审通过的项目提交专家进行评审。

  第十六条 实行项目公示制度。省发展改革委、省经委将审查通过的项目,通过媒体向社会公示,公示内容要全面详实,公开透明,接受社会监督。项目公示期为七天。第十七条公示结束后,由省发展改革委会同省经委下达项目计划,省财政厅按项目计划下达资金计划,并按现行财政国库管理制度的有关规定及时将资金拨付项目单位。

第六章 资金的监督管理

  第十八条 各地发展改革委、经(贸)委和财政部门,要按各自的职责分工,加强项目管理。每年末,各地要及时将本地区专项资金使用情况、项目进展情况及其它重大事项报省发展改革委、省经委、省财政厅。项目完工后,各地发展改革委、经(贸)委会同同级财政部门认真组织竣工验收,并将验收结果报省发展改革委、省经委备案。

  第十九条 项目单位要加强工程施工和财务管理,不得擅自改变建设内容。因特殊原因需要变更的,需逐级上报,经省发展改革委、省经委同意后办理相应变更手续。因故撤销的项目,项目单位应将资金全额退回省财政厅。

  第二十条 专项资金必须专款专用。项目单位有下列行为之一的,省财政厅和省发展改革委、省经委可责令其限期整改、核减、收回或停止拨付专项资金,并依法追究有关责任人的行政责任:

  (一)提供虚假材料,骗取专项资金的;

  (二)转移、侵占、截留、挪用专项资金的;

  (三)擅自改变建设内容和建设标准的;

  (四)无正当理由没有完成建设目标的;

  (五)其他违反国家法律法规和本办法规定的行为。

  第二十一条 对于擅自改变专项资金用途或弄虚作假骗取专项资金等行为,一经查实,暂停所在地下一年度申请专项资金资格,并按照《财政违法行为处罚处分条例》(国务院令第427号)的相关规定进行处理,涉嫌犯罪的,移送司法机关处理。

  第二十二条 本办法自2011年1月1日起施行,原《青海省循环经济发展专项资金管理暂行办法》(青财建字〔2007〕1601号)同时废止。

  第二十三条 本办法由省财政厅会同省发展改革委、省经委负责解释。




人民法院刑事审判是党领导人民依法治理国家和管理社会的重要渠道和有效手段。“十二五”时期,是我国全面建设小康社会的关键期,也是人民内部矛盾凸显、刑事犯罪高发、对敌斗争复杂的时期,大量社会矛盾纠纷以案件形式汇聚到人民法院,其化解社会矛盾责任之大、任务之重可想而知。刑事犯罪案件由社会矛盾衍生而来,是社会矛盾的集中反映和极端表现,人民法院开展刑事审判活动,旨在以法律的强制性打击犯罪分子,以平息和化解社会矛盾。但是,犯罪分子受到惩罚并不等同案件中所有矛盾都能得到有效化解,案件处理不当还可能导致矛盾进一步激化,甚至引发新的矛盾冲突。可见,刑事审判本身化解社会矛盾功能存在较大局限性,许多刑事犯罪而衍生的其他社会矛盾并非纯粹通过法律手段都能得以化解,需要施于人性化的救助措施为补充,既要以法律的强制性化解社会矛盾,又要以情的感染力为刑事案件当事人或近亲属排忧解困,一手抓打击,一手施人性,软硬相兼,法情并用,让刑事审判工作化解社会矛盾功能得到最大限度延伸。本文以构建和完善刑事司法救助机制为目标,概述了刑事司法救助的现实意见,剖析了我国当前刑事司法救助工作存在的主要问题,提出了解决问题的对策和路径,为化解多变、尖锐、复杂的刑事案件社会矛盾建言。

一、刑事司法救助的现实意义

在现代社会,建立和完善司法救助制度,具有重要的理论和实践意义:其一,刑事司法救济是保障人权的基本要求。刑事审判工作所遇重要挑战之一,就是如何平衡裁判与人权的关系问题,力求做到在准确裁判前提下充分保障当事人以及相关人员的基本人权,这是刑事审判工作的重要价值取向。人权的司法保障水平,是衡量一个国家人权保障水平的重要标志,也是一个国家法治水平和政治文明程度的重要标志,可以说,司法人权是人权的核心组成部分,其状况如何是评判一个国家人权状况的关键性指标。司法救助是实践司法人权的重要内容,一个国家的司法救助程度高低反映了该国的民主、法治水平和进程。司法救助在人权保障上虽与刑事法律制度殊途同归,但又起着刑事法律制度不可替代的作用,因为他更加尊重人的生命权、健康权、居住权、债权等最基本权利。其二,刑事司法救济体现了人民法院本质属性。中国共产党所创建的独立政权与剥削阶级“三权分立”政权相比,其最大特性就是政权的人民性,作为人民政权中行使审判权的审判机关,也自创建之初就打上了“人民”的烙印,即“人民性”是法院本质属性,要求刑事审判必须服从于人民群众根本利益,既要依法打击犯罪,保护人民群众利益不受侵害,又要对生活困难当事人实施司法救助,帮助解决生活中的困难和问题。其三,刑事司法救助是人民法院职能转变所需。随着社会的进步和发展,我国的经济体制已悄然转型,即从计划经济体制向市场经济体制发生转变、社会结构发生变动以及社会形态发生变迁,经济体制转型导致人们的行为方式、生活方式以及价值理念都在发生着变化。在社会转型时期,人民法院不再只是国家专政工具,而是必然承担更多的解决社会矛盾的角色,承载更多的社会使命,将单一的审判职能延伸到包括“司法为民”在内的更广阔领域,实现以审判职能为主的职能综合化。刑事司法救助体现了人民法院司法为民宗旨,是人民法院延伸职能的平台,符合新的历史时期人民法院司法制度改革内容和要求。其四,刑事司法救助是社会稳定所需。刑事案件矛盾具有特殊性,在矛盾性质、对抗程度、表现形式、存在范围、存续时间、处理方式以及解决程序等方面与民商事案件相比存在较大差异,民商案件矛盾表现形式为纠纷,只要双方当事人能够定纷止争,矛盾就得以解决,社会不稳定因素也将随之消除。而刑事案件矛盾表现形式为对抗,不服社会管理,抗拒认罪服法,让矛盾化解工作变得更长期、更复杂和更难巨。对刑事案件困难当事人实施司法救助,有利于“教育、感化、挽救”罪犯,使其消除对抗,改过自新;也可安抚或告慰被害人或近亲属,防止矛盾升级恶化,有助案件矛盾化解,促进社会稳定。

二、刑事司法救助制度发展概要

刑事被害人国家救助制度,可追溯到3600多年前的古巴比伦王国《汉穆拉比法典》。“二战”之后,英国刑罚改革运动家M•弗莱提倡建立犯罪被害人赔偿制度,这一主张引起了许多国家重视,于是新西兰在1964年1月颁布了世界上第一部《刑事损害救助法》,随后英国、美国、瑞典、前西德、荷兰、法国、日本等国先后作出了由国家对被害人进行救助的规定。到现在为止,已有超过30个国家和地区建立了被害人国家救助制度。加强对刑事被害人权益的保障,由国家给予刑事被害人救助,已成为国际社会的一项共识。

司法救助又称诉讼救助,罗马法中称之为“穷人规则”(pool
person rules)。我国最早具有“诉讼救助”雏形概念的法律文件是1984年最高人民法院颁布的《民事诉讼收费办法(试行)》,1999年最高人民法院出台的《〈人民法院诉讼收费办法〉补充规定》第4条第2款正式提出了民事“司法救助”概念。1997年4月9日最高人民法院、司法部下发的《关于刑事法律援助工作的联合通知》,提出“刑事法律援助”概念,刑事司法救助从此开始。2000年4月24日最高人民检察院、司法部下发了《关于在刑事诉讼活动中开展法律援助工作的联合通知》; 2001年4月25日司法部、公安部下发了《关于在刑事诉讼活动中开展法律援助工作的联合通知》。2005年12月1日最高法院、最高检察院、公安部和司法部在整合原有规定基础上,联合颁布了《关于刑事诉讼法律援助工作的规定》。2007年1月7日,最高法院在部署2007年人民法院工作时提出,要“研究建立刑事被害人国家救助制度”,把“刑事司法救助”提上工作日程;同年9月13日最高法院接着下发了《关于进一步加强刑事审判工作的决定》,要求探索建立刑事被害人国家救助制度,对因犯罪行为导致生活确有困难的被害人及其亲属实施救助,提供适当的经济资助,并在广东、山东、浙江、四川等地城市开展试点工作;2009年3月9日中央政法委等八部委联合印发《关于开展刑事被害人救助工作的若干意见》(以下简称“《意见》”),要求在全国范围内积极、稳妥、有序地开展刑事被害人救助工作。这些规定出台,无疑对规范我国刑事司法救助工作起了重要指导作用。

三、我国刑事司法救助制度存在的主要问题

(一)法律救助制度缺失

当前,指导我国开展刑事救助工作的规范性文件,主要散见于中央政法委等八部委联合印发的《意见》以及地方性的救助实施办法等,尚未建立具有法律意义约束力的刑事救助制度。于是,刑事救助在提起、对象、内容、标准、分工以及资金在来源、管理、审批、发放、监督等方面缺失全国性法律规范,造成各地救助工作发展不均衡,负有社会义务的救助部门在救与不救、救谁、怎样救、救多少等问题上具有选择空间,随意性大,容易出现符合救助条件对象得不到救助或者救助标准过低等问题而起不到救助作用,失去了救助工作应有的化解社会矛盾作用。然而,司法实践表明,有不少无法通过诉讼及时获得赔偿的被害人或近亲属生活极为困难而亟需获取救助,他们往往是新的社会矛盾多发地,也是加激刑事案件矛盾的重要推手,如“民”转“刑”和“刑”生“刑”连环案件发生,不能说与刑事救助法律制度缺失无重要因果关系。

(二)救助主体和范围模糊

任何法律制度都有其内在的司法价值,构建刑事司法救助制度的价值就是让存在行为能力缺陷的刑事诉讼当事人得到法律上的援助,从而更好地行使诉讼权利,维护自身合法利益。制度具有约束性特征,刑事司法救助制度其约束性——哪些人、哪些事可以向哪个部门申请司法救助要以条款形式存在,避开释义含糊或界定不清。《意见》对重点救助主体和范围进行了规定,但对非重点救助主体和范围仅作了原则性规定,除明确了少数救助主体和范围外,其余救助主体和范围确定问题则由最高法院委托给了地方法院解决,针对性不强,实践上也不便操作。即使是《意见》已经确认的主体和范围,也存在进一步细化和重新确认问题,如“严重暴力”的案件范围、暴力程度,构成“严重伤残”的最低等级,“无法通过诉讼及时获得赔偿”中对“及时”的解释,“生活困难”的认定标准,“近亲属”的人员范围等。另外,截止2012年3月20日,全国仅有17个省出台了刑事被害人司法救助规范性文件,其他未予规范法院,在实践中要界定主体和范围显得更难。

(三)救助方式单一

司法救助方式,即司法救助机关实施司法救助所采取的措施。目前,我国司法制度所确认的对刑事被害人的救助方式仅有经济资助,以帮助刑事被害人解决基本生活方面的突出困难。然而,不同刑事被害人在现实生活中所遇困难不同,有物质上的,也有精神上的;有养老问题,也有监护问题;有来自刑事被害人的,也有来自其近亲属的;有可用钱解决的,也有用钱不能解决的;等等。如被害人涂某遭受贺某抢劫,涂某反抗时,被贺某用尖刀刺中心脏而亡,现有76岁年迈老母亲和23岁犯间隙性精神病儿子两位亲人,以前他们的生活来源和平日照顾全都依靠涂某;法院判决后,因贺某无赔偿能力,涂某近亲属经济损失没有得到及时赔偿,生活陷入极度困境,既包括生活缺少必要的金钱支撑,又包括因缺失原有照顾而让生存环境变得更差。从本案例看,对被害人近亲属给予经济资助固然重要,同时对其提供物质生活保障也很重要,对类似案例中自理能力差或失去自理能力的人群来说,仅有经济资助尚不够,还有待解决由此而产生的“鳏寡孤独废疾者皆有所养”的社会问题。可见,刑事被害人或近亲属所遇困难的多样性,客观上需要救助方式的多样化。

(四)救助资金无保障

救助资金“落实难”长期困绕着刑事救助工作开展。分析原因:一是国家没有专门建立司法救助资金,救助资金来源缺乏通畅渠道;二是当前救助资金来源对政府部门依赖性强。《意见》虽明确规定救助资金主要由地方各级政府财政部门统筹安排,取决于政府部门支持程度,拨付与否、拨付多少由政府部门决定,缺失强制性规定,随意性空间大;三是通过社会组织及个人捐助路径获取救助资金显得困难重重。救助资金保障不力,会酿成救助对象另辟救助蹊径,并带来不良后果:其一,通过非正当途径救助。如向上级法院、党委、政府部门进行越级访、缠访、闹访、群体访等,以破坏机关正常工作秩序和迫使领导妥协的极端方式来寻求问题解决;其二,向人民法院施压执行。对生活极为困难、态度极为强烈、可能引起矛盾激化的被害人或近亲属,在被告人无履行能力或无完全履行能力情况下,人民法院为避免矛盾升级,时常自筹资金为被告人先行垫付赔偿款,这种做法给法院所带来的资金压力不言而喻;其三,违法自救。救助对象在寻求其他救助途径无果情况下,可能采取非法或暴力等极端手段获取补偿,其危害性可想而知。另外,救助资金短缺还将造成救助数额普遍偏低,与被害人需求相比无异于杯水车薪,救助效果差,难实现司法救助目的。

四、探索刑事司法救助对策与路径

近年来,随着我国法制的进步和构建和谐社会目标提出,被害人权益保障问题已引起了全社会关注,也成了刑事政策研究的一个重要课题。在理论界,学者对刑事司法救助研究成果可谓颇丰,这些成果对指导刑事救助工作开展和化解社会矛盾功不可没。然而,他们有的重视对被害人或近亲属救助而忽视对被告人或近亲属的救助;有的重视资金救助而忽视精神抚慰和社会保障救助;有的重视政府救助而忽视社会救助;等等。其救助主张在不同程度上存在着片面性或短期性,不利于刑事救助工作长远机制的建立。笔者认为,构建稳定、长效、广泛、多元和规范的刑事救助工作机制,代表了刑事审判工作在化解社会矛盾上的发展方向。

1、建立国家法律救助制度

司法救助在本质上是一种国家责任,因此,把刑事司法救助资金纳入国家财政预算,体现了国家对责任担当,这种做法也是现代各国的通例。刑事被害人救助工作,是在我国刑事司法救助法律制度缺失情形下,为解决当前刑事被害人或其近亲属的特殊困难所采取的一种过度性措施,他既不同于国家赔偿,也不同于现行其他社会救助,随着社会的发展和进步,对刑事司法救助工作进行立法规范则为必然趋势,也是做好刑事司法救助工作出路所在。在法律制度架构下,由中央财政统一筹措救助资金,采取财政转移支付方式,对救助对象实施全面救助。规定救助原则,设立救助程序,成立组织机构,明确救助对象,确定救助标准,加强对救助资金的申请、审批、审核、管理、发放和监督管理等工作,让刑事司法救助工作沿着法制化方向健康发展。

2、扩展救助主体和范围

司法救助的初衷就是通过对困难人群的救助来减少社会对抗因素,达到化解社会矛盾纠纷目的。因此,司法救助对象不仅要包括存在特殊困难的被害人或近亲属,还应包括同样存在特殊困难的被告人或近亲属,让他们享有同等救助权利,如果重此薄彼或顾此失彼,都可能会引发出新的社会矛盾。另外,由于救助对象所处的社会、家庭和生活环境不尽相同,个体之间在性别、年龄、体格、行为能力等方面存在差异,因而所遇的特殊困难也呈现多样化特性,表现在资金、物质、赡养、扶养、抚养、劳动、医疗、监护等生活中的各个层面,不同救助对象有着不同的需求,“资金救助”不是万能,其不可帮助救助对象在更宽泛范围解决实际困难,具有一定局限性。困难的多样性决定了救助范围的广泛性,于是在选择救助方式时要因需而择和因人而宜,实行以资金救助为主的多元化救助方式。在构建和谐社会语境下,随着“人性化”执法理念深入人心和国家财力的不断充实,随着我国经济、社会的发展,逐步扩大救助主体和放宽救助范围,让救助工作在更宽阔领域发挥化解社会矛盾作用,符合社会利益。

3、规范救助程序

刑事司法救助程序设定为“启动—审查—实施”三个阶段。

(1)启动阶段。即救助程度开始,由救助对象向办案机关提出救助申请并提供必要的相关特殊困难材料。证明困难状况、说明困难原因、提出救助人员范围、要求和方式,案件当事人近亲属提出申请的还需提供相关身份证明。案件审理期间,由案件承办人对申请进行必要的调查和核实后,通过合议庭(或全庭成员)合议,形成司法救助意见,并答复申请人。

(2)审查阶段。刑事诉讼案件,成立由政法委牵头,由人民法院和财政部门共同参与的审查小组,对人民法院提交的司法救助意见进行审查,决定是否采取司法救助,实行救助工作民主化、公开化和透明化,避免“人民法院说了算”的做法,明确救助人员、时长、内容、方式、限度及其设定国家对申请人享有追偿权条件等内容,联合形成《刑事救助决定书》,作为救助对象接受司法救助的凭证。同时,审查小组对申请人提出的不服人民法院的救助意见进行复议,让申请人充分行使救助权利,也可避免因个别案件承办人的“暗箱操作”让应该得到救助的对象失去救助机会,使救助工作更加公平和公正。